Lord Of The Rings Picked Apart Essays - English-language Films

Lord of the Rings: Picked Apart Free Swiss Anti-Wrinkle Cream. You Won't Believe Your Eyes! [an error occurred while processing this directive] Lord of the Rings: Picked Apart Imagine yourself in a pre-industrial world full of mystery and magic. Imagine a world full of monsters, demons, and danger, as well as a world full of friends, fairies, good wizards, and adventure. In doing so you have just taken your first step onto a vast world created by author and scholar John Ronald Reuel Tolkien. Tolkien became fascinated by language at an early age during his schooling, in particularly, the languages of Northern Europe, both ancient and modern. This affinity for language did not only lead to his profession, but also his private hobby, the invention of languages. His broad knowledge eventually led to the development of his opinions about Myth and the importance of stories. All these various perspectives: language, the heroic tradition, and Myth, as well as deeply-held beliefs in Catholic Christianity work together in all of his works. The main elements of Tolkien's works are Good versus Evil, characters of Christian and anti-Christian origin, and the power of imagination. In Tolkien world, evil is the antithesis of creativity, and is dependent on destruction and ruin for its basis. Conversely, goodness is associated with the beauty of creation as well as the preservation of anything that is created. The symbolic nature of these two ideologies is represented in the Elven Rings, which symbolize goodness, and the One Ring, which is wholly evil. A main theme of "The Hobbit", then, is the struggle within our own free will between good will and evil. "Early in the (Lord of the Rings) narrative, Frodo recalls that his uncle Bilbo, especially during his later years, was fond of declaring that... there was only one Road; that it was like a great river: its springs were at every doorstep, and every path was it tributary." (Wood, 208) Bilbo, the main character of "The Hobbit", often displayed his goodness throughout Tolkien's novel. One example of this goodness is when he decides to let the evil and corrupt Gollum live, out of pity for him, in the dark caves under the mountain. Bilbo could have easily slain the horrid creature mainly because of the ring, which he was wearing at that time, gave him the power of invisibility. Instead, he risked his life to let the Gollum live by quickly jumping past the evil creature, thereby escaping death of either character. Gandalf, in a later narrative, lectures Frodo by praising Bilbo's act of pity upon Gollum. Gandalf's words were, "Pity? It was pity that stayed his hand. Pity, and Mercy; not to strike without need. And he has been well rewarded Frodo." For Gollum, later in the novel, saved Frodo from becoming possessed by the Ring of power. "Many that live deserves death. And some that die deserve life. Can you give it to them? Then do not be too eager to deal out death in judgement..." (Wood, 208) Another form of goodness that is displayed throughout "The Hobbit" and "The Lord of the Rings" is Bilbo and Frodo's actions of self-sacrifice. In "The Hobbit" there are two instances in which villains caught the dwarves, Bilbo's fellow adventurers. Instead of fleeing their enemies, Bilbo risked his life to save the dwarves from the clutches of evil. One instance of this is when a clan of unusually large spiders captured Bilbo's companions and planned to eat them. Bilbo then devised a plan to distract the spiders away from their victims and then silently backtracked to his companions. He then cut the dwarves from the sticky spider webs with which they were tied and, together, they fought their way to safety. Also, Frodo, in "The Lord of the Rings" was challenged with the destruction of the all-evil and corrupting One Ring of power. In doing so, Frodo sacrificed his life. "We should also remember that Frodo's self-sacrifice is not only for the defeat of evil; it is also for the good of society, for the whole community of created beings. This suggests, in turn, that in the mind of the fantasist, society is worth saving." (Evans, 481) As opposed to the good deeds and morals portrayed by Bilbo and his companions, there are many foul and unholy creatures that lurk in the pages of Tolkien's works, which commit horrible acts. One of the most horrid of the acts in "The Hobbit" was the corruption of Gollum. Gollum was not always the slimy, cave dwelling, dangerous monster that he became. He was once a Hobbit, not unlike

FADEC-Full Authority Digital Engine Control Essay Essays

FADEC-Full Authority Digital Engine Control Essay Essays FADEC-Full Authority Digital Engine Control Essay Paper FADEC-Full Authority Digital Engine Control Essay Paper FADEC is a system comprising of a digital computing machine ( Electronic Engine Control EEC ) and the other accoutrements that control all the facets of aircraft engine public presentation. FADEC is made for Piston engine and jet engines both but they differ in the manner of commanding the engine. A primary ground for the rapid technological advancement of the U. S. LCA industry has been its ability to pull on and benefit from inventions in other high-technology industries. For illustration. high velocity supercomputers accurately model aircraft air flows without the assistance of air current tunnels. Computers besides have been incorporated significantly in LCA cockpits as planimeters of information. With the increased use of flat-panel shows that project the image of an electromechanical gage. several shows either can be transferred separately to assorted panels or superimposed on one panel at the pilot’s discretion. In add-on. computing machines have aided in the development of Full-Authority Digital Engine Control ( FADEC ) systems. FADEC allows for improved monitoring and adjusting of engine runing parametric quantities. such as fuel flow and velocity. : This enhanced control of aircraft engines has led to a lessening in both fuel ingestion and care demands. History of FADEC A FADEC ( Full Authority Engine Control ) is an electronic system that controls all the important parametric quantities of aircraft power workss. One of the system roles is to take down the cognitive burden of pilots while they operate turbojet engines. and to cut down the happening of pilot mistakes. The purpose of any control system is to let the engine to execute at the maximal capacity for a status. The original engine control system is mechanical linkages and controlled by the pilot. By utilizing throttle levers which are connected to the engine. the pilot could merely command power end product. fuel flow. and the other parametric quantities of engine. These mechanical agencies of engine control was an debut of parallel electronic engine control. Analog electronic control varies an electronic signal to pass on the coveted engine scenes. This system was foremost introduced as an indispensable portion of the Rolls Royce Olympus 593 engine. The 593 engine was regarded best for the celebrated supersonic conveyance aircraft. Concord. In the 1970’s NASA and Pratt and Whitney foremost experimented on FADEC. it was foremost flown on F-111 fitted with extremely modified Pratt and Whitney TF30 left engine. The experiments led to Pratt A ; Whitney F100 and Pratt A ; Whitney PW2000 being the first civil and military engines severally fitted with FADEC and subsequently the Pratt A ; Whitney PW4000 as the commercial â€Å"Duel FADEC† engine. Rolls- Royce financess about 20 UTCs working on cardinal countries of engine engineering. Most of the UTCs focal point on facets of production engineering. e. g. high temperature stuffs and burning. The York UTC is comparatively unusual in that if focal points on procedure issues. In peculiar the York UTC investigates systems and package technology processes for the development of full Authority Digital Engine Controllers ( FADECs ) . A FADEC is a complex hydro-mechanical system which carries out all cardinal engine control maps. typically: Thrust provision- changing fuel and air flows through the engine to supply managed push. Thrust control- in peculiar proviso of contrary push from the engine for braking on landing. Heat management- ensures that parts of the engine are cooled suitably. Airframe communication- having control commands from the airframe ( e. g. from the pilot ) and returning engine position indicants. Fault management- detection mistakes in the engine position indicants. ( Henderson. pg. 38 ) Maintenance- entering mistakes informations for on land engine care. At the bosom of the FADEC is a computing machine system known as an Electronic Engine Controller ( EEC ) . The EEC and its package signifier a difficult real-time system and. typically. the system is safety critical. I. e. failures could potentially take to a loss of push and possibly of the aircraft. Functions of FADEC-Full-Authority Digital Engine Control There must non be any signifier of manual override available for Full Authority Digital Engine Control. This to the full places full authorization upon the operating parametric quantities of the engine to computing machine. If FADEC would neglect the engine would besides neglect. If the engine would be controlled digitally and electronically. it would be considered as Electronic Control Unit ( ECU ) or Electrical Engine control ( EEC ) . FADEC plants by the given input variables of the current flight place like engine temperatures. air denseness. engine force per unit areas. restrict lever place and others. The EEC receives inputs and analyzes them up to 70 times per second. Engine operates many parametric quantities like bleed valve place. stator vane place. and fuel flow and others are computed from this information and applied as appropriate. FADEC controls most of the maps like re-starting and get downing. The basic intent of FADEC is to give optimal engine efficiency for a given flight status. FADEC allows having engine care studies and plan engine restrictions. For case. FADEC can be programmed to take the necessary steps without pilot intercession to avoid transcending an engine temperature. Turbine engines The fuel control system on the turbine engine is reasonably complex. as it monitors and adjusts many different parametric quantities on the engine. These accommodations are done automatically and no action is required of the pilot other than get downing and closing down. No mixture accommodation is necessary. and operation is reasonably simple every bit far as the pilot is concerned. New coevals fuel controls incorporate the usage of a full authorization digital engine control ( FADEC ) computing machine to command the engine’s fuel demands. The FADEC systems addition efficiency. cut down engine wear. and besides cut down pilot work load. The FADEC normally incorporates back-up systems in the events computing machine failure. Jet engines Modern jet engine is really considerable: it forms an built-in portion of the engine and is indispensable for its operation. In many instances some of the engine control electronics is physically mounted on the engine. Many modern jet engines have a full authorization digital engine control system ( FADEC ) . This automatically controls the flow of fuel to the engine burning Chamberss by the fuel control unit so as to supply a closed cringle control of engine push in response to the throttle bid. The control system ensures the engine bounds in footings of temperatures. engine velocities and that the accelerations are non exceeded and the engine responds in an optimal mode to the throttle bid. The system has what is known as full authorization in footings of the control it can exert on the engine and the high unity failure endurance control system is indispensable. Otherwise a failure in the system could earnestly damage the engine and guess the safety of the aircraft. A FADEC engine control system is therefore similar in many ways to a FBW flight control system. ( Collinson. pg. 9 ) FADEC is used in about all jet engines and new Piston engines on chopper and fixed winged aircraft. With the operation of the engines so to a great extent trusting on mechanization. the most of import concern is its safety. Redundancy is provided in the separate indistinguishable digital channels. FADEC monitors a distinct and digital informations coming from the engine subsystems and assortment of parallel. and supplying for mistake tolerant engine control. In the civilian conveyance aircraft flight. the flight crew enters the appropriate informations to the day’s flight in the ( FMS ) flight direction system. The FMS reads the informations like air current. runway length. cruise altitude etc. and so calculates the scenes for the different stages of flight. The flight crew advances the throttle to take off which contains no mechanical linkage to the engine. The flight crew cheques that they have simply sent an electronic signal to the engines as no direct linkage has been moved to open fuel flow. This is the same stage for all type of flights like sail. ascent etc. The FADECs compute and use the appropriate trust scene. During the flight little alterations in operation are being made to keep efficiency. Full Authority Digital Control ( FADEC ) system is configured to guarantee safe. stable and dependable engine operation at all the points in the flight envelope. Control Torahs are indispensable for supplying the coveted engine operations safely. The control Torahs must be verified and validated before the engine starts for a flight. Reference Collinson. G. P. R. ( 2003 ) Introduction to Avionics Systems. Springer. pg. 9 Global Competitiveness of U. S. Advances-Technology Manufacturing Industries. DIANE Publishing Company. Darby. Henderson. Peter. System Engineering for Business Process Change: New Directions: Collected†¦pg. 38 Sullerey. K. R. Oommen. Charlie. Raghunandan. N. B. ( 2004 ) . Air Breathing Engines and Aerospace Propulsion Proceedings of NCABE 2004.

Kano Model Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Kano Model - Assignment Example According to the article, the main purpose of the Kano Model is increasing the customer’s happiness by improving the quality of the product or service provided. Every business organization has to out into consideration the features of any product before releasing it to the market. For successful implementation of the Kano model, a number of steps have to be completed. Fitting in all the features and attributes of a product is the first step. Then the organization should classify the features as either threshold, performance and excitement attributes. The article argues that all the attributes of the product must be fully satisfied to ensure employee satisfaction. Further, the article argues that for successful implementation of the model, the organization has to desist from focusing on the performance of the organization to major on the product attributes. The Kano model is very significant as it helps an organization in identifying customer needs, defining purposes that have necessities as well as carrying out an analysis of the competitive products in the market. Essential tools for the success of the Kano of the technique include customer involvement, value analysis, prioritizing matrices and ensuring the quality of the products. IV. KEY LEARNING POINTS Definition of Kano model- it is a model designed to improve the happiness of an organization’s customers through decisions aimed at improving the quality of products and services. Importance of the Kano model- its main importance is providing high-quality products to the customers, which lead to high customer satisfaction. The Kano model also helps in identifying factors that lead to customer dissatisfaction. Categories of the Kano technique include threshold attributes, considered as the most important attributes, Excitement Attributes that necessarily catapults the customers’ level of satisfaction and Performance Attributes that aims at improving customer satisfaction. V. RELEVANT STATE MENTS TO THE SESSION The main advantage of the Kano model is that it opens and widens the reasoning of business organizations, putting more emphasis on the features of the product which improves customer satisfaction. Kano model stresses on customer judgment of a product or service in the market. The original developer of the model was Dr. Noriaki Kano in 1980s, where he raised claims that for a product to capture the customers it must have three attributes include threshold, performance and excitement attributes. Steps involved in successful implementation of the Kano technique include settling on the most important and essential features of a product or service that customers deem as important and crucial in satisfying their needs. The next step involves classifying the identified features as either threshold, performance and excitement attributes respectively. Other performances and non-relevant attributes require trimming in order to develop fully the threshold attributes. VI. C RITICAL ANALYSIS According to the article, the Kano theory aims at improving the customer’s level of satisfaction. As such, all business organizations aims at providing the best quality product or services to the people geared to winning their loyalty.  

EBusiness and Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

EBusiness and Ethics - Essay Example The growth and advancement of computer technology and several networks have encouraged an incline in the number of criminal activities propagated over the computers as well as risks (Jamrich and Dan Oja 28). The world is currently witnessing the development of new criminal activities that are being committed through the digital world. Therefore, there is a greater need of coming up with measures and strategies that can help curb cyber risks. There are many system administrators and skilled enough to do the work and provide what the client need. However,  it is hard to find the one that can do what you want with the right way and beneficial and effective for long time. The biggest problem that companies face is the security in the network. The data and information are crucial to a company that is why they need security. In these days, there are many viruses that can harm the computers and destroy the data in companies and it cost them lots of money and gives them a bad reputation. The project will provide and set up data security to the cell phones that helps to secure the data and protect it from threats and viruses (Siegel 31). Furthermore, there is need for security from the outside network. Also, the cell phones should have protection from viruses that destroy and might consequently steal data. Nowadays, every company needs to setup a security program and the only way to do it is to hire system administrators to do that with the right way. What the project intend to  set up is the required security for the data and cell phone. Further, the data will be backed up because it is better to have backed up data in case it is lost or destroyed. Setting up security for the data and cell phone will include activating the firewalls, blocking any spyware attacks, as well as using valid malware software or anti-virus. Protection of data entails using encryption for the most sensitive files such as the financial records, tax returns, and backing up the significant

Abortion laws should be properly regulated Essay Example for Free

Abortion laws should be properly regulated Essay Pro-Life or Pro-Choice? Abortion is one of the heaviest controversial topics discussed in the American politics. Abortion is the removal of a fetus before it has been born. The opposing sides of the debate each strongly believe that they are right. Pro-Choice believe that it is a woman’s right to choose what to do. Pro-Life are concerned about the life of the unborn child. Resulting of this debate leads to the case of Roe v. Wade in 1973. Roe v. Wade started when a woman in Texas wished to terminate her pregnancy but the laws in Texas didn’t allow abortion except only when the woman needs to be saved. The Court’s decision in this case was the disprove limitations of abortions to women. Somehow women find a reason to have an abortion such as their religious practices, attitudes towards their values and future, their philosophy, and so on. I support that women should be able to have the right to have an abortion in the first trimester. The reason being is because some women would have been raped and they don’t want to have a child who reminds them of a rapist and they can’t cope with that, or they’re not financially stable, or probably because of their religious practices. According to Roe v. Wade case, some of the people had a few reasons why they would want pass the law of prohibiting abortion and to justify it. When they allowed abortion, the abortion mortality rates were high. Another reason was that they wanted to protect prenatal life. They would only abort the fetus when the mother’s life is at stake. Finally, they didn’t want to encourage illegal sexual conduct. That is what the pro-life believes. Pro-choice say that women should have the right to privacy but pro-life tries argue that the constitution doesn’t specifically say any right to privacy. Pro-choice tries to prove that having a baby causes the woman to have a distressful life and future and that can cause some psychological harm. Some of the women will not be financially stable to have a child either due to being young or not having a stable and well-paying job. The debate on abortion is still going on today. In modern politics, our president-elect, Donald Trump, has plans for Roe v. Wade. He wants to appoint a justice who would overturn Roe v. Wade. If it was overturned, a woman’s right to abortion would depend on the state she lives in. Trump said that Roe v. Wade was â€Å"wrongly decided† which means that Trump is pro-life. He wants to prohibit abortion during his presidency. If abortion was prohibited by him, women would still always find a way to abort the fetus but in a harmful and unsafe way such as using a coat hanger or back-alley procedures. In my opinion, all women in every state should have access to abortion but only in the first trimester. I say only in the first trimester because, after that, it is when the fetus will start to develop feelings and organs. If a woman waits until the middle of the third trimester, that is almost fully grown a baby inside the womb who has all the organs, feelings and about to be born, it is basically known as a baby, no longer a fetus. Abortion should be legal for the first trimester. In Roe v. Wade, it helps many women to be able to get an abortion. They’re not trying to encourage people to have sexual interaction and the woman ends up becoming pregnant and take advantage of the system. They are trying to give women access who would be the ones who had been raped, too young, financially unstable, religious practices, health reasons, and so on. Women have a right to privacy which means that other people shouldn’t have to decide that she has to keep the baby. It is her body, her life, her future, her choice. Advocates of abortion may think that is seriously wrong, but women should do what is best for them and their babies. If abortion is to remain legal, it should be regulated and controlled and be a means to enhance the life of the mother and be beneficial to the society.

English Copyright Law

English Copyright Law English copyright law does not protect ‘ideas but the ways in which these ideas are expressed. This was established in Harman Pictures NV v Osborne (1967) and recently affirmed in the case involving the Da Vinci Code novel, Baigent and Leigh v The Random House Group (2006).Where the work has been literally reproduced there can be no question of copying. However, difficulty arises where use is made of subtle aspects of style, commonly referred to as ‘non textual copying. The impact that copyright law has had on the computer industry and internet use has also led to much discussion about the effectiveness of the law in this dynamic and ever changing area. The courts, who see the matter as being one of degree, continue to adopt a narrow perspective on what constitutes infringement of copyright. The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 aims to protect work in the following categories: literary, musical, dramatic, typographical arrangement and artistic. The Copyright Computer Program Regulations 1992 included computer programs within the list of literary works along with books and song lyrics. The protection afforded by the Act includes prohibition against any work in the above categories being copied, adapted or distorted without the consent of the copyright owner. Based on s16 of the CDPA 1998 the court has formulated the following test to establish whether there has been an infringement of copyright. Firstly, the work for which copyright protection is being claimed must be clearly identified and established as original. Secondly there must be evidence that this original work has been copied. Thirdly, if the work has been copied, then the courts must decide whether a substantial part of the work has been reproduced. This test was outlined by Jacob J In Ibcos Computers Ltd v Barclays Mercantile Highland Finance Ltd (1994). The defendant created a computer accounting package and licensed it to the claimant. Together, they later marketed the package as (ADS) under the company name PK Ltd where the defendant was the sole employee and Managing Director. The defendant then left the company and joined a competitor as a consultant. There he wrote a programme called ‘Unicorn designed to compete with (ADS). Later the Claimants claimed the Unicorn was developed from (ADS) and therefore infringed their copyright. The court held that (ADS) was a compilation and that copyright existed in the individual programs, their various modifications as well as the whole suite. On comparing Unicorn and (ADS) there appeared to be overwhelming evidence of copying. The latter was an enhancement of the former and not an independent creation. In the absence of independent evidence similarities were due to copying as opposed to the defendants individual programming style. The striking similarities in the interaction of individual components in both packages caused the court to conclude that the ‘substantial part arm of the copyright infringement test had been satisfied. The copyright in the whole (ADS) package as well as the individual copyrights had been infringed. In arriving at his decision, Jacob J provided some guidance on general and detailed ideas rejecting the analysis in the earlier case of John Richardson Computers v Flanders (1993) where the American model for assessing infringement was adopted. He held that this was an incorrect approach which would lead to unnecessary complications. ‘For myself I do not find the route of going via United States case law particularly helpful. It is likely to lead to [the] over citation of United States authority based on a statute different from ours. In the end the matter must be left to the value judgment of the court He dissented from the view held by Judge Baker in Total Information Processing Systems Ltd v Daman Ltd (1992) and was of the opinion that the table of contents of a novel could be compared to the data division component of a computer programme. They could both be integral to the success of the work and sufficient to constitute a detailed idea. They could also constitute a substantial part of the work depending on the skill labour and judgement involved their compilation. In deciding whether a substantial part of a work has been copied one must look at the words of a novel and source code of a computer program as well as other factors such as, the plot of a novel and general structure of a computer programme. He held, ‘I therefore think it right to have regard in this case not only toà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦literal similarities but also to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ program structure and design features Later on in his judgment he questioned whether copyright subsisted in the ‘design features of the programme as highlighted by the plaintiff. In any event he was of the opinion that even if they could be afforded copyright protection the ideas were not detailed enough to form a substantial part of the work. ‘We are here at a level of generality where there is little of the programmers skill, labour and judgment. Even if the set were copyright, the mere taking of those functions would not be an infringement-it would be the taking of a mere general idea or scheme In relation to the contention that if there is only one way of expressing an idea that way cannot be subject to copyright, Jacob J held that this was an error and copyright could still exist. Again dissenting from the opinion of Judge Baker in Total he submitted that Kenrick v Lawrence (1890) was not authority for this proposition. In the Kenrick case the issue was whether copyright existed in the picture of a hand showing voters how to vote. He held that this was an idea and the decision in this case is authority only for the proposition that there is no copyright in an idea as a different picture displaying the same idea would not constitute infringement. Speaking directly about general and detailed ideas, Jacob J asserted that in relation to all work, ‘The true position is that where an idea is sufficiently general, then even if an original work embodies it, the mere taking of that idea will not infringe. But if the idea is detailed, then there may be infringement. It is a question of degree It is therefore important to assess how the courts have set out to separate the expression of the idea in detail from the general idea itself. It seems that in the former, attention is given to finer details of the work. In the final analysis, a balancing act must be performed to protect the author of the idea and encourage literary and technological innovation. Over the past decade there have been many cases involving the protection of computer source and object codes much like an author would seek to protect the words of a book. In John Richardson Computers v Flanders the courts extended the concept of an idea to include user interfaces stating that the way a program is used and responds to a user should also be copyrighted. Here the plaintiffs claimed that the defendants had copied the ‘look and feel of their computer software developed for the pharmaceutical industry. However as computer use became more widespread courts had to reconsider copyrighting ‘look and feel or ‘business logic of programs. This was highlighted in the case of Navitaire Inc v Easyjet Airline Co Ltd (2004) where Navitaire claimed that Easyjet online ticketless booking system eRes was a copy of their original programme, Openres. Navitaire owned the copyright in the source code for the computer programme and did not allege at any time during the case that this was copied. The allegation centred on the fact that eRes was almost indistinguishable from OpenRes in relation to the ‘user interface or interaction between user and programme. The Plaintiffs alleged non textual copying in relation to the ‘look and feel of running OpenRes, user commands to achieve particular results and screen reports in response to user instructions. Copying was alleged of the whole of OpenRes or the various modules that make up the system. What was further considered in this case was whether there could be an infringement where two computer programs produce the same results but the author of the latter had no information of the former apart from the end function. In this scenario the question arises as to whether the general idea alone has been copied or something more detailed. No infringement was found in Navitaire and it was held that to side with the plaintiffs in this case would be â€Å"an unjustifiable extension of copyright protection†. Simon Stokes in The development of UK software copyright law notes, ‘In light of Navitaire, the chances of a successful software copyright look and feel case appear limited unless there is a clear misappropriation of a copyright workà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ or underlying source code. In Nova Productions Ltd v Mazooma Games Ltd (2006) the restrictive approach in Navitaire was reaffirmed. Here the defendant produced a computer programme based on the game of pool that was similar to that of the plaintiff although he had no access to the original source codes. Again the plaintiff here alleged that although the computer programme language or sources were not copied, the user interface or ‘look and feel of the programme was. It was held that parts of the computer programme copied were of a â€Å"high level of generality or abstraction†, common in the industry and did not form a substantial part of the program itself. The court agreed with the Navitaire judgement and stated, â€Å"merely making a programme which will emulate another but which in no way involves copying the programme code or any of the programs graphics is legitimate† The present state of the law is that copying the end result of a computer programme in itself does not constitute infringing its copyright. In both Navitaire and Nova, the court included in its judgement the provisions of the Software Directive recitals 13-15. The Directive provides that, the expression of a computer program is protected but ideas and principles which underlie any element of a program or its interfaces are not. Many believe that spells bad news for creators and brand owners. In the European Intellectual Property Review, Peter Nunn states, ‘As the law currently stands, non-textual copying claims in the software field appear doomed: ideas and user interfaces can seemingly be freely copied It would be useful to consider the courts approach in other cases regarding protected work. In the case of Green v Broadcasting Corporation of New Zealand [1989] the issue of general and detailed ideas were also discussed in relation to a television broadcast. Here the British presenter Hughie Green sought to sue a New Zealand television station for copyright infringement of the format of his game show, Opportunity Knocks. The English Privy Council however rejected this attempt to claim that the format was a dramatic work, asserting that there was no copyright in an idea and the format as presented was ‘conspicuously lacking in certainty. This has led to difficulties in the television industry in relation to protecting various unscripted game show formats however unique and original they might be. Lord Bridge stated that there was, â€Å"difficulty [in] the concept that a number of allegedly distinctive features of a television series can be isolated from the changing material presented in each separate performance (the acts of the performers in the talent show, the question and answers in the quiz show etc.) and identified as an â€Å"original dramatic work† In the more recent case of Miles v ITV Network (2004) again involving television format rights it does not appear that English copyright law has moved any further forward. The claimant James Miles supplied ITV with promotional material for a cartoon programme where the main characters were a traffic light and traffic furniture. Later, ITV launched a programme called Dream Street where a recovery truck was the main character. Although Mr Miles conceded that the look and feel of the two programmes were very different, there were similarities between the characters and the presence of traffic equipment. However, the creator of Dream Street produced evidence to show that his work had been in existence before Mr Miles sent his material to ITV. The appeal was dismissed on the basis that the only similarity between he two programmes being the use of traffic equipment meant that the claim was ‘hopelessly weak Mr Justice Laddie in IPC Media Ltd v Highbury-SPL Publishing Ltd [2004] drew on the Green case in his ruling on whether IPCs Ideal Home Magazines design, subject matter and presentational style had been copied. Perhaps it is the presentation of its case in this manner that caused the judge to conclude that what they were trying to protect was the general idea behind the magazine as opposed to the expression in the idea evidenced by the detail, in content cover and articles. Justice Laddie quoted from the Green Judgement as follows: ‘The protection which copyright gives, creates a monopoly and there must be certainty in the subject matter of such monopoly in order to avoid injustice to the rest of the world: The issue here is of course as with television programmes magazine formats remain skeletal as to allow a dimension of spontaneity and creativity within the series. It is therefore difficult to pinpoint a detailed format and attach a copyright to it if details change monthly or even weekly. Justice Laddie concluded that the design techniques used by IPC were common in the industry and could have been applied by anyone designing a home magazine. Because the nature of a magazines cover and contents is to keep the buyer interested by constantly changing various features, it was difficult for IPC to state clearly what had been copied. No infringement was held to have taken place and again the English courts refused to extend copyright protection to general ideas. Justice Laddie concluded, â€Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦even if, contrary to my findings, Highbury had been â€Å"inspired† in some of its design choices by what it saw in IDEAL HOME, it would have been at far too high a level of generality to amount to infringement of copyright.† The plaintiffs in IPC struggled to prove their case for copyright protection and may have succeeded if they had alleged ‘passing off as their focus seemed to be on a visual comparison of the two magazines. This matter was addressed in Designer Guild Limited v. Russell Williams (Textiles) Limited (Trading As Washington Dc) [2000] and referred to in the IPC judgement as well as other subsequent cases. Here both parties were designers of wallpapers and fabrics. The plaintiffs alleged infringement of one of their designs. The trial judge found that the defendants had access to the original work and had copied a substantial part of it. The defendants appealed to the Court of Appeal who after making a visual comparison held that the two designs were not sufficiently similar and highlighted a number of differences. The Court of Appeal held that although there was some copying this did not form a substantial part of the work and therefore allowed the appeal. The claimants then appealed to the House of Lords who agreed with the initial trial judges decision that the copied features formed a substantial part of the plaintiffs work. Lord Millet commented that the judge who found for the defendants in the Court of Appeal erred in his approach as he treated what was a copyright case as though the claim was one for ‘passing off. If passing off had been alleged, it would have been sufficient for the court to have used visual similarities as a main point of comparison as here the charge would have been the defendants taking the plaintiffs goods and trying to ‘pass them off as their own. Where there is insufficient similarity on a visual inspection the action will fail. In the case of copyright however, the preoccupation is not with the appearance of the defendants work but with its origin. In the area of film, the extent of protection offered by copyright law has also been discussed in Christoffer v Poseidon Film Distributors Ltd [1999]. Here the court had to decide amongst other matters whether Mr Chistoffers copyright in the film script of the story of the Cyclops based on Book IX of Homers Odyssey had been infringed by the film production company Poseidon. On the basis that there was evidence of direct copying and adaptation of the Cyclops script in which Mr Christoffer held the copyright, infringement was found on the part of Poseidon. Justice Parks highlighted that words in the final script do not have to be identical in order for there to be sufficient evidence of copying. ‘In the context of a literary work the concept of copying embraces taking the content of the work, or of a substantial part of it, and reproducing it, whether or not the alleged infringer reproduces the content by using the original authors words or by using his own words In relation to books, protecting the expression of ideas was discussed in Harman Pictures v Osborne (1967) where an injunction was granted to restrain the production of a film on the grounds that it infringed the copyright in the claimants book as phrases and expressions were directly copied and they both ended with exactly the same quotation. Baigent and Leigh v The Random House Group (2007) is the most recent case in which the court have had to decide on the issue of copyright in books and whether a substantial part of a work had been reproduced. The claimants were publishers of a 1992 book, the Holy Blood and the Holy Grail and the defendants the publishers of Dan Browns 2003 novel entitled Da Vinci Code. Baigent and Leigh contended that in writing six chapters of Da Vinci Code a substantial part of their work had been copied. The claim was dismissed at trial however the claimant were granted leave to appeal to the Court of Appeal. Mr Justice Smith who heard the case in the first instance agreed that the six chapters highlighted were based largely on the claimants work but still went on to reject the copyright claim. Lord Justice Floyd in the appeal judgement reiterated how the courts would assess a claim for breach of copyright in a literary work. Firstly if there was material in both an early and later work and the author of the later had access to the former, an inference of copying is made. The court would then look closely at the material to establish if there was in fact any copying and whether this amounted to a substantial part. Baigent and Leigh did not contend that the text of their work was copied directly or that it was in some way adapted. The claim was that Dan Brown had copied the ‘theme of their work in his novel. The courts therefore had to decide whether the theme was protected by copyright bearing in mind the established law that copyright does not subsist in ideas but the expression of these ideas. Dan Brown did not deny that there was a similarity in theme between the two works but contended that he derived this material from other sources. Dan Brown also argued that if the claimants work had been used, the part copied was at a high level of generality and for this same reason could not be said to constitute a substantial part of the claimants work. The judge concluded that a central theme did not exist in the original work as if it did, it would have been recorded somewhere. â€Å"If it was one would have expected at least to find somewhere a statement that this is the Central Theme. This is where the Green case [Green v Broadcasting Corporation of New Zealand [1989] RPC 700] is relevant.† He went on to conclude that if there was such a theme it was too generalised and therefore on the wrong side of the line between ideas and their expression. The judge held that the claimants failed to show structure and architecture to their scheme which remained a number of facts, ideas and assertions. This being the case, there is insufficient evidence of the skill labour and judgement needed in order to attach copyright to it. On appeal, Lord Mummery agreed with the courts decision and dismissed the appeal after clarifying the need to separate issues of copyright subsistence and infringement. The issue was not whether what was outlined by the Claimant as a central theme was copyrightable but whether it had been copied and whether it formed as a substantial part of the original work. It is in relation to these two points that the judges found the claimants had failed to establish their case. The above cases highlight the complexities faced by claimant, defendant and judge in protecting copyright in any given work. The efforts expounded in the original work and the need to encourage creativity are both in fierce competition with each other. Simon Stokes seems to suggest the reason for this balancing act is because, ‘à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦go too far one way and innovation is stifled because the public domain of ideas is encroached upon; go too far the other way and copyright creators may be disinclined to create copyright works if the law does not adequately protect their works Non textual copying where there is no clear evidence of a direct reproduction of the work will continue to be difficult to prove for so long as it is the expression of the idea that attracts copyright and not the idea itself. In relation to magazine and TV industries, the IPC case indicates that it would be extremely difficult to succeed in a copyright claim where there are changing formats envisaged. Peter Nunn States, Laddie J. found that so many elements of the â€Å"format† which the claimants sought to protect were commonplace, including the strapline on the front coverà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦that he arguably shut the door on future claims to protect a magazines format It would be fair to say especially on analysing the Baigent judgement that the ideaexpression dichotomy works on two levels, both in relation to copyright subsistence and also to its infringement. In relation to subsistence the courts continue to assert that there can be no copyright in a general idea as was the case in Green and IPC. In relation to copyright infringement, Baignet shows that taking a general idea in a copyright work will not constitute infringement. The balance to be struck by the court appears to be a ‘work in itself as the facts of each case must be carefully examined as what may appear to be an expression is only an idea due to its generality, the fact that it could have been obtained from a number of other sources or it is common practice in a particular industry. What follows in establishing infringement is the concept of substantiality which the courts assess by weighing the amount of skill and judgement applied to the original work. Perhaps Chen Lin Saw rightly observes in Protecting the Sound of Silence in 433†, ‘While the idea-expression dichotomy is well established in copyright law and is easy to state in theory, its actual application in practice is still masked by a cloud of mystery and uncertainty

Vernon God Little

Explore how DBC Pierre displays his ideas to shock the audience in Vernon God Little. Vernon God Little, written by DBC Pierre, is a satirical novel based around a massacre at a high school in Texas in which some of the students got possession of a gun and murdered some of their teachers and fellow students. The novel is about a boy called Vernon who is best friends with the main killer, Jesus. Vernon is framed as an accessory to murder and the story line follows the down fall of his life.There are lots of features of the novel that come across as very shocking to the readers. For example in chapter seven, when Vernon visit’s a psychiatrist; Dr Goosens, he puts full trust into him, because he has a well-known profession. The psychiatrist goes on to violate Vernon which, in a way, makes Vernon loose all trust in everyone, because if he doesn’t feel safe around a doctor, he doesn’t know if he will feel safe around anyone. Especially when almost everyone he used to trust has turned against him to try and frame him as an accessory to murder.The passage in chapter seven uses grotesque imagery; â€Å"His breathing quickens with the march of his fingers, they trace a tightening circle around the rim of my hole. † and â€Å"a cool finger invades me†. This shocks the readers because it is disturbing and because Dr Goosens is a doctor and is in a position of trust and is not expected to break this trust. DBC Pierre does this because the novel is satirical and he tries to inform the audience that people are not everything they seem and you ‘can’t read a book by it’s cover‘. A shocking character in Vernon God Little is the journalist, Lally Ledesma.We begin to see Lally’s true colours as we progress through the novel as he becomes almost unbearable. At the beginning of the book, Lally is first presented when he is trying to interview Vernon on the massacre. Throughout the novel, he does many shocking thing s. For example, he uses Vernon’s mum and builds a relationship with her, just so he can get on the inside of Vernon’s life and get a good story on him for the newspapers. Vernon knows that this is what Lally wants, but his mum won’t believe him because she’s in love with Lally. 1.Ella Bouchard – chapter 13, Vernon uses her as a prostitute. 2. Taylor – Uses Vernon and sets him up so she can get money 3. Mum – doesn’t care about anything important, just the look, fridges and her friends 4. Shock is to build up the satirical effect, and takes the mic out of america 5. Everyone wants to meet the american dream, 6. At the end, say if you think it is too shocking or not, and why you think DBC Pierre wrote it like this. 3. Vernon’s mum has her heart set on reaching the American dream, the dream that everyone is equal, and everyone has a good job, nice house and big happy family.She doesn’t want to know about what is happ ening to Vernon and she is very blase towards it, because all she cares about is what she and her family looks like to her friends and the public. This is shocking to the audience of Vernon God Little because it’s not something they’d expect to happen. The audience would expect Vernon’s mum to be worried about her son and trying everything in her power to get him out of jail and out of being taken to court, but instead she is in bed with Lally Ledesma, who is using her, and worrying about what fridge to buy to impress her friends. 6.Overall, I think that Vernon God Little is very shocking. DBC Pierre wrote Vernon God Little in shocking ways for a very important reason. He wanted the audience to realize that everything is not as it seems and society can be out of order at times. He also wanted them to think about if they were following the ‘American dream’ or whether it’s all a big lie and there’s no such thing. The novel might come acr oss as unbearably shocking, but that is one feature of a satirical novel. The shock helps to reflect the fact that it is just a big joke and is trying to make a joke of American society.

World War Ii the American Experience

World War II: The American Experience HIS120 Date World War II: The American Experience It is no known secret that America attempted to reframe from becoming a part of what was projected as being a major war which started with the European culture. Historians believe that the second war was a contribution of the Great Depression which caused for America to seize from their investments in Europe. This caused for a struggle of power in Europe which provide an opportunity for Hitler and Stalin to obtain control over Europe. However receiving control over Britain would become a challenge.The prime minister at that time knew in order to survive he would need an alliance; the United States. With Germany, Italy, and Japan seizing majority of Europe, President Roosevelt agreed to support Britain in the war in order to promote the â€Å"Four Freedoms: freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom for want, and freedom for fear† (Schultz, 2012). With the booming of Pearl Harbor on Dece mber 7, President Roosevelt asked Congress to declare war. Once war was declared and with Hitler also declaring war on the United States; this became the beginning of World War II.North African Campaign Figure 1. Allied Operations in World War II, 1942-1945 American troops entered into North Africa in late 1943. The North African Campaign, better known as the Desert War, took place in North African desert which surrounded those areas of Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia, and the Western Sahara (United States History, 2012). After the Axis (name given for the Germane, Italian, and Japanese) were defected in France, Northern Africa became the focus of conquering.It is stated that the North African Campaign was fought for not only one reason but for two reasons. The Suez Canal was the first objective to gain control over for the reason that the Suez Canal will be the source of controlling the Middle East. The second objective for the North African Campaign was the Middle E ast oil supply and resources. Egypt was a main focus due to the location in which was at the center of the Eastern Mediterranean, Abyssinia, and the Middle East (United States History, 2012). Operation torch was lead by General Bernard Montgomery.During operation torch, British troops were in Egypt fighting the Germany’s while American troops launched an invasion of French North Africa (United States History, 2012). The objective for operation torch was to gain control of Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia which were all under the French dictatorship. By having control, the Allies (Britain, Soviet Union, and the United States) wanted to push the Axis out of Africa. The Allies were successful. â€Å"On May 12, 1943, the last organized Axis army force in Africa surrendered.The Allies had killed, wounded, or captured about 350,000 Axis soldiers, and had suffered about 70,000 casualties. After the victory in the North African Campaign, the stage was set for the Italian Campaign to be gin† (United States History, 2012). Italian Campaign Figure 2. The Pacific and Adjacent Theaters, 1942-1945 At the Casablanca Conference held in Casablanca, Morocco in January 1943; the decision was made to invade Italy. The Allies had their first war conference to discuss the invasion. This launched the Italian Campaign which placed Allied soldiers on the mainland in Europe.The Italian Campaign consisted of five objectives: to â€Å"capitalize on the collapse of Italian resistance, make immediate use of ready Allied strength, engage German forces that might otherwise be used in Russia and northern France, secure airfields from which to intensify the bombing of Germany and the Balkans, and gain complete control of the Mediterranean† (United States History, 2012). D-Day; Normandy landings was the Operation Husky. During this operation, Allies landed on the beaches while leading the Germans to thinking that they would attack Sardinia and Corsica.Due to the bombing in Rome , the head of the government king Mussolini was forced to resign from his position. At that time, the Italians wanted to withdraw from the war with Japan and Russia. Operation Husky wanted to completely eliminate Italy from the war. By the end of the Italian Campaign, the war against Germany reallocated to France. â€Å"In the spring of 1945 Allied forces penetrated the final German defensive line to enter the fertile plains of the Po River Valley. On May 2, the Germans in Italy surrendered† (United States History, 2012).Japanese American, Infantry men of the 442nd Regiment, runs for cover as a German artillery shell is about to land outside the building. Levine, Italy. April 4, 1945. Normandy Campaign The objectives of the Allies were during the invasion of Normandy was eliminate all of the Germans capabilities of trying to organize a counterattack during the Allies amphibious assault. The Allies used their airborne capabilities to seize significant objectives like bridges, road crossings and terrain area’s mainly on the eastern and western flanks.The Allies also used their airborne infantry to land behind enemy forces on the beaches of Normandy to help egress the amphibious forces and also neutralize and destroy the Germans coastal defenses batteries. Sword beach was invaded by the British infantry, we the infantry made it ashore they were met with light resistance and the suffered minimal casualties. They had advanced five miles inland by the end of the first day of battle, but they did not meet their major objectives such as Caen which was still in possession of the Germans.Juno beach was invaded by the Canadian army; they were met with heavy German resistance upon landing ashore in Normandy. There were by heavy machine gun fire, pill boxes, and other major concrete fortifications that the German army had set up. Juno beach was the second heaviest outpost guarded by the Germans. The Canadian Army was the only unit to reach all of their object ives on D-Day. Gold beach was invaded by the 50th (Northumbrian) infantry division; they were also met with stiff German resistance due to the Germans fortifying a village along the beach front.However, the 50th infantry divisions were able to overcome Germans and were able to proceed to outskirts of Bayeux by the end of the first day. The 50th infantry division then linked with Allied commando units who were securing the Port-en-Bessin. This gave the Allies a base that they could deploy the PLUTO pipeline. Omaha beach was invaded by the American allies; they met fierce resistance from the German 352nd Infantry Division who were Germany’s best trained force for defending the beaches and coastal areas. Omaha beach was so well fortified by the Germans that the Americans missed most of their landing objectives.However, after battling the Germans for three days the American allies were able to penetrate the Germans fortifications and move forward. Utah beach was invaded by the 4t h infantry division; they were met with very little German resistance and were able to move further inland by the late afternoon where they linked up the 101st airborne division. After the beaches were secured allied forces were able to set up the Mulberry Harbors, which allowed supplies and reinforcements to come ashore to support allied forces.Victory in Normandy was followed by a pursuit to the French border in short order, and Germany was forced once again to reinforce the Western Front with manpower and resources from the Soviet and Italian fronts. By September, Allied forces of seven field armies (two of which came through southern France in Operation Dragoon) were approaching the German frontier. Allied material weight told heavily in Normandy, as did intelligence and deception plans. The general Allied concept of the battle was sound, drawing on the strengths of both Britain and the United States.German dispositions and leadership were often faulty, despite a creditable show ing on the ground by many German units. In larger context the Normandy landings helped the Soviets on the Eastern front, who were facing the bulk of the German forces and, to a certain extent, contributed to the shortening of the conflict there. War in Europe The Battle of Atlantic was a battle that began with Great Britain declaring war on the Germans in September of 1939. The battle of the Atlantic brought about significant changes and creative inventions to the allies military.This was a major reason that allied forces were able to defeat the Germans in the Battle of Atlantic. The Battle of the Atlantic cost thousands of soldiers their lives and thousands of Navy ships were destroyed as well. During World War II allied forces conducted strategic bombing missions against the German’s. Allied forces would bomb railways, harbors, industrial places, and cities. As World War II begins to intensify, allied forces began to conduct numerous bombing missions. Allied forces bombed c ity believes that it was physiological warfare and they believe it would break the enemy’s will to continue fighting. The Majdanek concentration camp was located in Eastern Poland and was the first concentration camp that was liberate by the soviets in July of 1944. Before the Soviets were able to liberate the Majdanek concentration camp the German Nazi’s had killed between 90,000 and 140,000 prisoners. Majdanek concentration camp was initially a Prisoner of War camp that housed Russian Prisoners of War, but the camp soon turned towards a concentration camp for the Jews. It is estimated that 60,000 Jews were killed during the camps operation.In July of 1944 the soviets advanced on the Majdanek concentration so fast that the German Nazi’s were not able to conceal the evidence of the torture and killings they had committed. Liberation of Paris America was in war on two fronts, the war against Japan, and the war against Germany. The beginning of the conflict starte d with Paris started with Britain and Germany over a blockade that was preventing America to trade with either country. America had signed a treaty to stay out of the conflicts with foreign countries.America was drawn into the conflict when Germany decided to launch a full scale war with against Britain and France (Schultz, â€Å"World War II,† 2012). Paris had been invaded by the Germans, causing stress, killings, and havoc to the residents until D-Day, a code name for Destination Day, when America and France liberated Paris and broke the Strong hold of Germany and freed Paris (â€Å"Weider History Group†, 2006). Operation Market Garden was a strategic military maneuver plan in September 1944 to be carried out by planning to attack the Germans from the north, south, across the Rhine River, and west of Normandy along with an air attack.This plan failed due to conflict in order on when to strike and bad weather (Macdonald, n. d). The Germans strategy was if they could t ake control of smaller section of a country like Belgium, they would eventually take control of the country entirely. The Battle of the Bulge was one of the largest battles to take place on the west front. They lost the battle because they were spread too thin and was unsuccessful in knocking out the power in Bastogne, Belgium (Schultz, â€Å"World War II,† 2012). During the time of war the three allied forces, Stalin,Churchill, and Roosevelt was under great concern of the condition Poland would be in as they draw near their victory of the World War in January 1945. The Soviet Union, United States, who sided with Great Britain, was at odds with each other over Poland of which Soviet Union occupied. The Soviet Union wants to serve as a buffer for Poland whiles the United States and Britain wand Poland to be more independent. The Soviet Union proposal was more favorable and resulted in the Yalta Agreement. Churchill was in disagreement with the decision and the Soviet and Brita in ended up in a Cold War (Schultz, â€Å"World War II,† 2012).While at the conference meeting in Yalta, Churchill and his ally, Roosevelt was planning an attack on Dresden, a city outside of Berlin. This city was a city of refuge that had no military stations of weapons. It only was a place that had hospitals and house to care for the wounded from the military. The people fled to the city seeking refuge from the Red terror of the war. Many of them were Jews, men women and children. The total death from the bombing is really unknown but is to be said to be over 600,000 (â€Å"The WWII Dresden Holocaust – A single Column of Flame†, n. . ). During the time of all the events that took place in Germany and World War II, it finally broke the back and the strong hold that Hitler had over Germany. At the end of the Holocaust of Dresden and the slaughter of Jews from the concentration camps of which 30,000 were killed, giving an estimated death toll of 600,000 men, wome n, and children. Hitler was known to have committed suicide in April 30, 1945, given victory over Germany, known as of today called V- E Day, â€Å"Victory in Europe Day (Schultz, â€Å"World War II,† 2012). War in the PacificThe United States was holding a war on two fronts, the war in Germany with Britain and France against Germany, and the war against Japan. The Great Depression was perhaps the cause of both wars. With the Stock market crashing and the fall of the economy, America and some of the countries it served and served it was becoming financially ruin and was fighting to stay in power. Each country feeling its own power was trying to make sure that they were not going to be taken advantage of (Schultz, â€Å"World War II,† 2012). America had a strong presence in the Pacific andJapan did not want them there. They were fighting over who would control Hawaii. Japan also wants to take control of all Asia and China. During the time of World War II, Hong Kong was a part of Britain territory. MacArthur and Nimitz are two officers that have great similarities in helping turn the war to the benefit of America. Douglas MacArthur was a General in the U. S Army and Admirable Chester Nimitz was an officer in the United States Navy who had different styles of leadership that worked together to regain control of land and water in the Pacific War. Gen.MacArthur took control of the Philippines and Adm. Nimitz gain control of the Pacific. Churchill and Roosevelt were winning the war. Along with the best two commanders, they began to use a strategy to keep Japan from getting a foothold by sending troops to take over small islands and maintaining control and at the same time pushing the Japanese back while earning the name Island Hoppers (Schultz, â€Å"World War II,† 2012).References Center of Military History. (1992). A Brief History of the U. S. Army. Retrieved from http://www. ibiblio. org/hyperwar/USA/USA-C-WWII/index. tml Schultz, K. M. (201 2). HIST2, Volume 2 (2nd Ed. ). Boston, MA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. The WWII Dresden Holocaust – A Single Column of Flame. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://rense. com/general19/flame. htm Weider History Group. (2006). Retrieved from http://www. historynet. com/world-war-ii-the-liberation-of-paris. htm United States History. (2012). Italian Campaign. Retrieved from http://www. u-s-history. com/pages/h1742. html United States History. (2012). North African Campaign. Retrieved from http://www. u-s-history. com/pages/h1727. html

Haig †Butcher of the Somme Essays

Haig – Butcher of the Somme Essays Haig – Butcher of the Somme Essay Haig – Butcher of the Somme Essay Essay Topic: History Haig was appointed commander of the army on 10th of December 1915, and he had had a very successful military career. Haig decided to attack the Germans at the river Somme in 1916 to attract German soldiers from the town of Verdun where they were fighting the French and had almost broken through. But even though he was victorious there was a very high number of casualties. But does this make Field Marshall Haig The Butcher of The Somme?† â€Å"Britain should be prepared for a high loss of life,† was Haig’s view on the war, and this shows that he did recognise that the nature of World War One trench warfare meant that men’s lives would be the cost of ‘victory.’ Haig did expect large casualties, but made them larger than they should have been, as the strategies he used were very outdated, and by telling his soldiers to walk slowly in a line towards the enemy he, unfortunately, gave the enemy machine gunners an easy target. A German soldier is quoted to have said, â€Å"No longer call it war, this is mere murder.† : Haig also knew that the shells that were being used did not cut through the wire, but with so many resources and untrained men concentrated along this stretch of the front, there wasn’t much room for change, and plus there wasn’t a plan B anyway. Another fatal flaw in the planning was that some men had marched seven miles with a full pack, the day before the assault, so were tired, and therefore were not as useful as they could have been. Of course, certain facts have to be taken into consideration when deciding if Haig should be called â€Å"The Butcher of the Somme.† For instance: The force was made up of 500,000 volunteers with inadequate training, plus the British force was commanded by young officers with no experience who had risen too fast owing to the number of Junior officers lost. Also Joffre’s force at Verdun needed relief, so he was forced to attack as soon as possible, as if they waited until August the French army would cease to exist. In addition to this, Haig was pressurised into making a decision due to the soldiers’ morale, as many believed that the Somme would be a turning-point in the war, and that soldiers’ morale would be lifted. One overwhelming fact about the battle of the Somme, is that three lives were lost per foot of ground gained. This shows the sheer size and scale of human loss in this great Battle. Also, the taking of Delville wood cost 80,000 British troops, and taking Pozieres cost 23,000 Anzacs, which again is a huge loss. To an extent I do think that Haig does deserve to be nicknamed ‘Butcher of the Somme’, as there was ‘futile death due to incompetent leadership’ – there were more men lost on that day than ever before, or since then – but I do think part of the failure, was due to misfortune rather than bad planning. For instance, how can Haig be blamed for the failure of Joffre’s force at Verdun, of for the 17 tanks that failed to start on 15th September. Anyway, the battle wasn’t a complete failure, the British did eventually gain a bit of land it just dragged on for months. Maybe the historian Richard Holmes is right – perhaps the British came out better, but the price was too high.

Parental Divorce That Changed My Views About Life Social Work Essays

Parental Divorce That Changed My Views About Life Social Work Essays Parental Divorce That Changed My Views About Life Social Work Essay Parental Divorce That Changed My Views About Life Social Work Essay Parental divorce is a well-documented hazard factor for a assortment of psychological troubles across legion life spheres. For illustration, surveies have systematically found that young person from divorced households tend to exhibit higher degrees of anxiousness and depression and greater overall mental wellness demands than equals from integral households. These links between parental divorce and higher degrees of psychological maladjustment can be traced into maturity even after early childhood variables are taken into history. My Experience She sits with a pencil in her manus and a thoughtful look on her face. She shifts in her concatenation and a sudden freshness visible radiations up her profile as inspiration falls on her. Without trouble, she begins pigment her life. . . That is me, Hannah Michell. I have lived in Seoul all of my life, with the exclusion of the occasional vacation. And every bit nerve-racking as it is at times, I do nt believe that I would be rather the same individual if I had grown up elsewhere. To me, who I am and who I will go are really of import. Certain events act upon me to get down believing about my life, and although I have non yet genuinely figured out who I am, I think I know where I m headed. It s difficult when people ask me which state I like better: England or Korea. I ve lived my whole life in Korea being treated like a British individual, but in England, people ever acknowledge me as an Asiatic miss. Sometimes I want to give up being half of something ; for one time I want to be something whole. On the other manus, I could neer of all time give up being either British or Korean. There are alone facets of both civilizations that I greatly appreciate. Over clip, I have realized that I can, in fact, be both British and Korean without missing anything. Despite this consciousness and my love for these two states, I think when I m older I ll merely populate in a wholly different state such as Spain, so I can avoid taking between England and Korea. I live with my female parent, her best friend Sang-wha, and my female parent s pupil Woo-Joo. My female parent and male parent divorced a few old ages ago, and now I m populating with merely adult females. I frequently resent this agreement. I frequently reach out for a male figure, and although my male parent is about on weekends, it s non the same. My parents divorce had a great impact on me. I withdrew from the universe and lapsed into silence and periods of deep idea about such things as love, life, decease, and myself. These four thoughts all seemed to be connected, and I began to chew over more and more. I was lucky to hold a good friend who was traveling through the same experience as me. We had many conversations about great things, and easy I began to understand more about the life environing me. At this peculiar clip, I besides became really drawn to nature, for it seemed to keep many replies to my inquiries. After seting to household alterations, I began to concentrate on my instruction once more, which I had neglected. I received my simple instruction at Seoul British School, and I besides went off to get oning school in England for a twelvemonth. Now I attend Seoul Foreign School, and I must acknowledge that I enjoy school life here. Socially, there are divisions between the Korean pupils and the foreign pupils at school. We spend our trim clip individually because we lead such different lives, and it s easier to go friends with person who understands your civilization. I socialize with the foreign pupils because I am more comfy with their relaxed, unfastened attitude. They are so much more accepting of one s eccentricities, while the Korean pupils tend to be more traditional. Personally, I do nt believe I could easy go friends with the Korean pupils even if I tried. The lone thing that fusss me about these divisions, nevertheless, is the exclusion and sole attitudes among both groups. I believe in love and friendly relationship. I believe that they are of import, and that without them we would non last. My friendly relationships are of import to me and I would travel to great lengths to assist a friend in demand. My closest friends at the minute are Sooki, Kristin, and Julia. We portion large parts of our lives and have tonss of merriment together. The one friendly relationship that I value like no other is with my best friend Julia. She is witty lovingness, clever, and she says the right words of comfort at all the right times. Julia and I talk a batch about love. We frequently stay up all dark watching romantic films and discoursing them afterwards. We besides talk about our fellows and our hereafter programs. In the hereafter, I would wish to be a author. I am particularly interested in composing novels and poesy. For now, the most of import thing is my individuality. I need to cognize who I am before I can make out to others. It is difficult to acquire to cognize people when I do nt truly cognize myself. I hope one twenty-four hours I will wake up and all of a sudden recognize who I am so that I can get down to touch other peoples lives. Not merely can kids s psychological jobs be traced into maturity, but grownups who are confronted with their parents divorce are similarly vulnerable to psychological battles related to the divorce. That is, parental divorce after childhood ( i.e. , between ages 17 and 31 ) has been associated with higher unease tonss at age 33 when compared with tonss of grownups from integral households ( Furstenberg A ; Kiernan, 2005 ) . Thus, immature grownups seem non to be immune to psychological troubles merely because their parents divorce occurred after childhood. Laumann-Billings and Emery ( 2006 ) created a alone step of nonclinical degrees of psychological hurt ( i.e. , Painful Feelings about Divorce graduated table ) . They found that resilient immature grownups from divorced households endorsed psychological hurt points related to their parents divorce. These points assessed concepts such as on-going feelings of loss and forsaking, angst related to events such as graduation when both parents would be present, and a general sense that life has been harder because of the divorce ( Laumann-Billings A ; Emery, 2006 ) . Why do some kids seem comparatively unharmed by their parents divorce when other kids of divorce become entrenched in divorce-related battles? Most attempts to explicate this variableness have centered around five theoretical positions: the loss of the noncustodial parent, the accommodation of the tutelary parent, interparental struggle, economic adversity, and the cumulative consequence of nerve-racking life alterations. Consequences of a meta-analysis have revealed that the overall consequence size for each theory is little, proposing that these theories lack full explanatory power. One ground for this modest explanatory power might be that each theory focuses on a kid s exposure to specific stressors as the mechanism responsible for that kid s single psychological maladjustment. In contrast, get bying theory suggests that the effectivity or deficiency thereof of an on-going, organic procedure of assessment and header is related to psychological adjustment-not simply the exposure to specific events. More specifically, get bying theory assumes that people are purposive persons who actively seek to make and prolong significance in their lives ( Amato, Cheadle, 2005 ) . As people work to prolong the countries of life from which they derive significance, they appraise life events in footings of their relationship to these countries of significance. Life events become stressors when they are perceived as threatening, harmful, or disputing to an person s deepest, most important facets of life. In response to these stressors, people engage in get bying activities as they work to keep on to their important objects or transform these countries of significance in a manner that integrates the nerve-racking event into their orienting system or general manner of nearing the universe ( Amato, Cheadle, 2005 ) . Published research on get bying theory and parental divorce appears to be limited to a smattering of surveies. Additionally, they found that turning away ( negative ) get bying partly mediated the relationship between negative events and psychological symptoms and active ( positive ) get bying moderated the nexus between negative events and behavior jobs. Sandler, Tein, Metha, Wolchik, and Ayers ( 2006 ) found that similar links between active and avoidant header and psychological accommodation were mediated by get bying efficaciousness, which they defined as the kid s belief that he or she has some control over the state of affairs. Take together, these surveies suggested that get bying theory is outstanding for kids s experiences of parental divorce. It is non surprising that similarities exist among them as the household is the most basic unit in all societies and divorce shingles non merely the foundation of this societal karyon but has far-reaching impact on the remainder of society. The grounds most surveies stated were deficiency of communicating and mutual exclusiveness. Those who are unmarried will be afraid of doing the determination to get married if the tendency shows that matrimonies are neglecting. Children from broken places carry cicatrixs of insecurity that can impact their capacity to hold long term relationships ( Furstenberg A ; Kiernan, 2005 ) . Therefore, it is of import on the one manus to raise an consciousness among the young person on the accomplishments needed to hold permanent matrimonies, so that they do nt get down married life with high outlooks and a low sense of duty and on the other manus societal policies need to assist disassociate adult females and their kids to readapt their lives to normalcy and be accepted without any stigma in society. Family kineticss that increase the likeliness of subsequently divorce first act to increase the mental wellness jobs of dependent kids. Controling for these predivorce differences, the event of parental divorce is accompanied by higher degrees of kid anxiety/depression and, for kids populating in extremely dysfunctional households, lower degrees of kid antisocial behaviour ( Furstenberg A ; Kiernan, 2005 ) . A process-oriented attack to the effects of parental divorce on child mental wellness bases to progress well this field of cognition, by enabling research workers to spot more clearly how child mental wellness is unambiguously affected by kid and household features that precede and predict matrimonial disintegration, every bit good as effects that flow straight from the divorce event and emerging subsequent stressors. Help Restore Self-Confidence and Self-Esteem The fact that immature people have non to the full developed their header accomplishments is a perplexing factor in finishing grief work. The ego construct has several constituents, but two of import 1s are personal control and personal exposure. Children need to come to footings with life events to develop autonomy and a sense of command. If heartache is non resolved, kids are more susceptible to emphasize ( Furstenberg A ; Kiernan, 2005 ) . Counseling is indispensable to a disenfranchised, immature sorrowing individual. By being available, encouraging and beef uping bing relationships, and assisting to develop new 1s, the counsellor will help the sorrowing individual to restore a sense of ego. Counselors can promote pupils to acknowledge grieving as a ripening procedure for doing positive alterations so that they can emerge more cognizant, more sensitive, and more resilient ( Chen, George, 2005 ) . Rituals as Critical Tools Rituals are a powerful curative tool for deciding heartache. Ritual is a specific behaviour or activity that gives symbolic look to certain feelings and ideas of the histrion separately or as a group. Unfortunately, disenfranchised bereaved individuals are frequently denied the rites because the heartache is unrecognised ( Chen, George, 2005 ) . Nevertheless, an debut to ritual may function to link the kid to his feelings. It may be habitually repeated or a erstwhile experience. They can be utile in helping kids to accept the world of the loss, showing and working through feelings attendant to the loss, and the attach toing undertakings of sorrowing. The expressive humanistic disciplines and play therapies offer many schemes that could be incorporated into the counsellor s work with kids. Some suggested techniques to show heartache that have been found to be helpful include pulling, function playing, composing letters and verse forms, diary authorship, and other types of commemoratio ns. Decision Society is ever germinating and merely as assorted systems like the political organisations, economic establishments, etc are affected by alteration, so besides does the household have to maintain up with the new developments. The societal solidarity as Durkheim described is organic in modern societies where each section of society helps stabilise the other in crisis. Divorce, as we see it, is a structural job that has afflicted immature married twosomes ( in their mid-twentiess ) over a period of clip. Statisticss have besides shown that important proportions of young person do non go on beyond five old ages of matrimony. While, society has tried through formal and informal establishments to run into the demands of the household there is demand for more alteration. Media has a duty to portray matrimony in a more favourable visible radiation and demo how struggles can be resolved, alternatively of movies that depict opprobrious hubbies and demanding married womans. Problems are seen in the movies but solutions are seldom offered in these telecasting series. Thus, they give the viewing audiences the feeling that the issues can neer be resolved. Finally, the household has to play a stronger function in the socialisation of the kids. It is besides of import for parents to pass more clip with their kids to transfuse in them values and norms that will maintain them together in ulterior life. They have to larn communicating accomplishments and struggle declaration as these two accomplishments are the pillars that will halt the roof from fall ining in the matrimonial place. Children through early socialisation demand to be taught regard and cooperation with the other sex. Boys should non be favored in parental intervention, as it prepares these male childs to anticipate superior functions in big life. Different establishments in a society demand to work together to cut down the rate of divorce. School kids experience many losingss, among them are disfranchised heartache losingss. Students can non disregard their losingss ; they must be acknowledged, grieved, and resolved. Some losingss are easy resolved, others take drawn-out gri eving and a great trade of clip and work. Counselors, by going sensitive to these peculiar issues and by supplying services and implementing groups as a vehicle for mending, can help pupils in sing a healthy recovery procedure. Confronting loss and grieving are worlds of life. Helping pupils to admit and get by with these worlds is a necessary and hard undertaking. School counsellors can go a powerful force in assisting pupils to cover positively with their multiple losingss. Students must be made cognizant that where there is attachment there is loss, and where there is loss there is heartache, a normal and cosmopolitan experience, repeatedly encountered.

Product and Evolutionary & Revolutionary Innovations Essay

Product and Evolutionary & Revolutionary Innovations - Essay Example They defined market orientation as the mix of customer orientation & competitor orientation. However Slater and Narver (1998. pp1000-1005) argued that customer orientation and market orientation should not be mixed. Customer orientation often results in short term myopic innovations whereby it is assumed that customers know very well what they want and hence following their wish list will automatically result in improved competitive advantages of the organizations. They further argued that customers grossly lack foresight of what they need and hence the organization will end up getting defocused from what they need and hence their products sell till the time the customers change their choices by realizing that this was not they needed. Market orientation appears similar to customer orientation but there is a fundamental difference - market orientation is focused on customer needs and not their desires. Market orientation needs serious inter-functional orientation because the market s tudy needs to be translated into long term goals and corresponding product innovations. An organization can get the best out of market orientation when they have sufficient skills to develop products that are not easy for competitors to imitate thus achieving an overall enhancements in competitive advantages. Olson & Walker et al. (1995. pp. ... on for new product innovations with help of market orientation - Bureaucratic Control, Individual Liaisons, Temporary Task Forces, Integrating Managers, Matrix Structures, Design Teams and Design Centers. On the other hand, innovations for customer orientation may not require such in-depth inter-functional coordination. Hence, the author concludes that both market orientation and inter-functional orientation of an organization are important and their effective integration results in newness of the products. "Evolutionary" and "Revolutionary" innovations Veryzer (1998. pp. 304-321) defined two fundamental types of innovations - evolutionary or continuous innovations and revolutionary or discontinuous innovations. The evolutionary innovations are targeted to evolve incremental innovations of the existing products thus allowing them to continue with improved features. The revolutionary innovations are radical in nature that takes the world by surprise through some kind of breakthrough that forces the corresponding existing products to obsolescence. The author observed that the definitions of the two types of innovations explained by the researchers are from the perspective of the innovators that are carrying out technological changes in the existing products. But these two aspects should also be seen from the perspective of end users as well. From an end user perspective, something is radical only when it completely changes the way they have been seeing the product. The author hereby presents an example of VCR versus CD/DVD players. Fr om the perspective of the innovators, both are completely different technologies and hence CD/DVD players are revolutionary innovations. But the end users may argue that their primary objective was to see video on their television sets

Tropicana Marketing Essentials Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Tropicana Marketing Essentials - Essay Example Price enables companies to be in a position to understand whether the product they are offering is in line with the prevailing economic features or opting for other measures is considerable (Dubrin, 2011:301). For Tropicana to roll in a new product, it must bear in mind that the current market structure revolves around taste, price, health standards, and other recognizable 21st century related elements. In some cases, some managers assume place is not important especially when dealing with online marketing. Nevertheless, place is very vital since it sets legal and financial issues. Moreover, in marketing, there is the core subject of every company, which is promotion. Promotion composes of the bigger portion of marketing essentials as it includes sponsorships, advertisements, public relations, viral marketing, special offers and many more. This entails that every Tropicana product needs a blend of place, price, and promotion (Doyle, 2008:93). When the product is cheap, placing is bet ter and this leads to lower price offering. Offering attractive Tropicana products at a reasonable price can reduce marketing expenses. Additionally, it can make customers queue in the distribution outlets and travel further in search of the product. This means that the product will need less promotion since the product has its own optimum blend for customers and market conditions (Allen and Albala, 2007: 372-74). Development of new Tropicana Juice (Pomegranate Juice) Products offered by Tropicana portray that the company does not only sell juices, but also sells health. The health of consumers is of utmost importance to Tropicana due to its healthy orange juice with fiber that it launched on December 14, 2005. Due to firm... This report stresses that producing and marketing requires a company to keep the best interests of the consumers at heart. As such, it is vital for Tropicana to conform to factors such as convenience. Customers require proper mode of packaging with respect to different activities. Therefore, in order for Tropicana’s new product to address this issue, it should have different packaging styles that include juices sold in larger bottles for home purposes. Tropicana should ensure the new product taste outshines that of competitors, as taste is one of the valuable reasons as to why consumers purchase certain types of beverages. This paper makes a conclusion that Tropicana should establish a base of enacting overall marketing objectives of the new type of product. Tropicana should predict and analyze customer’s taste then strive to satisfy their needs. In addition, in order to ensure the product continues to exist in the market while bringing reasonable results, the company should ensure it monitors and analyzes market trends. Consequently, Tropicana should anticipate future changes and initiate strategies to overcome its effects. To keep customers expecting more products with extra benefits, the company should increase positive perception among its customers. Furthermore, identifying positions that are distinctive, compelling, and competitive is essential for the well-being of the Tropicana’s new commodity.